Influence of Media on Jurors in Terror Trials Essay

Influence of Media on Jurors in Terror Trials - Essay Example The first hypothesis was supported in that political media exposure resulted in higher confidence ratings of guilt. There has been relatively little empirical research into the specific topics of juror bias towards terror suspects and the impact of media coverage of the trial of a terrorist on juror bias. The research regarding these variables has investigated Anglo-American and African-American ethnic biases (Abshire & Bornstein, 2003; Sommers & Ellsworth, 2001). This type of ethnic bias can be linked to other ethnic biases including against the ethnic group of a terror suspect. An examination of the cross-race effect in jurors at a mock trial of African-American defendant found that Anglo-American jurors were more likely to find the defendant guilty than African-American jurors (Abshire & Bornstein, 2003). There was a significant difference in the perceived credibility of eyewitnesses based on the ethnicity of the witness, with African-American eyewitnesses viewed as more credible than Anglo-American eyewitnesses. Nonetheless, the testimony of the eyewitnesses did not have an impact on the verdict, with Anglo-American jurors tending to perceive prosecution witnesses as more credible and African-American jurors tending to perceive defense witnesses as more credible. ... Another study of mock jurors found that modern Anglo-American jurors were more likely to demonstrate bias against an African-American defendant accused of committing a crime against an Anglo-American victim when the issues associated with the trial were not blatantly racial (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2001). The conclusion developed from this finding suggests that the modern attitudes against racial bias tend to create a greater degree of impartiality when the crime involves racial issues, but the attitude does not fully prevent bias. Strategies for reducing the impact of bias include insuring that juries are ethnically mixed and asking potential jurors about racial attitudes during voir dire. An investigation into the relationship between juror ethnicity and defendant ethnicity and for receptivity to mitigating evidence in capital cases, found a strong correlation for receptivity among African-American jurors when the defendant was African-American and the victim was Anglo-American (Brewer, 2004). The implications of these findings may be that jurors of different ethnicities tend to be equally receptive to mitigating evidence in capital cases in the majority of cases. When the case involves an in-group defendant that has committed a crime against an out-group victim, however, there is increased receptivity to mitigating evidence by jurors that are members of the in-group (Brewer, 2004). Hence, findings suggest that there is some degree of ethnic identification that occurs between jurors and defendants based on the ethnicity of the defendant and the victim. Related to the issue of juror perceptions based on the ethnicity of the defendant, are the reactions and explanations of individuals to terrorist attacks, these have the potential to influence juror attitudes

Inequality in Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inequality in Brazil - Essay Example The country has a very diverse social setting with the population consisting of white people who arrived during the era of migration and discovery, black people who arrived during the slavery period and various diverse indigenous communities. The black population has been the one mainly discriminated by the white dominating population. The country has the second most populous black population in the world after Nigeria. The inequality in the country date back to the slave period of which the country had been under Portuguese colonization for hundred of years making the injustices deep rooted and to be accepted as a norm. Unlike in the US or South Africa where inequalities had legal backing, inequality in Brazil takes a cultural twist with the white people exercising cultural domination. Black population together with other non-white indigenous population have come to accept some of the practices regarded as social injustices, as a norm and civilized way of behavior (Smith 76). The no n-white population has been discriminated in almost all sectors, especially in socio-economic and political spheres. With discrimination in education, all other areas are affected. Afro-Brazilians have been greatly sidelined in education system making the acquisition of jobs very hard. Public schools do not have the capacity of providing quality education with the well-established and advanced white schools only affordable by the white elites. Since these Afro-Brazilians cannot secure good schools, they are deprived off the chance of obtaining objective knowledge, many abandoning schooling altogether. The lack of schooling at young age dashes the hopes of ever acquiring higher education in colleges and universities. This institutionalized form of discrimination affects all other areas of the Afro- Brazilians, leading to poor living conditions. The system of education has thus become an institution structured and systematically regulated to make sure the Afro- Brazilians do not gain enough knowledge to enable them to earn decent wages. With no sustainable wages, the black population has very limited economic influence, the majority barely making the stipulated quarter of the minimum wages. In turn, the Afro-Brazilians are artificially put at a disadvantage and cannot escape absolute poverty no matter what they do. This economic subjugation leaves the Afro- Brazilians with no other option rather than to take up the roles domestic laborers as an occupation. Many have become homemakers and lowly servants of the elite oppressive society. This has been argued as total humiliation; as they are forced to work in the homes of their oppressors where they continue to be deprived further (Salardi 3). Brazil is among the countries of the world that inequality has continued to thrive unchecked. The majority of black women have no formal employment with about eighty percent working in the manual sector, which is very challenging to these women forcing them to sometimes negle cting their homes. They are specifically employed as domestic servants or domestic task and are among the lowest paid workers in the country and in the developing emerging economies of the world. With such low unreliable income, poverty becomes inherent, passed from one generation to the other, in the Afro- Brazilia

Crisis and Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crisis and Expansion - Essay Example Critics have argued that the Manifest Destiny was a disputed concept that many famous Americans such as Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln, as well as a majority of the Whigs rebuffed it. American expansionism did not signify an American consensus, but it aggravated bitter dispute in the national polity. Countrywide, perhaps most Democrats, people endorsed the Manifest Destiny, but a majority of the Whigs strongly rejected it. Manifest Destiny offered the rhetorical tone for the biggest acquisition of United States territory (Adams 35). It was utilized by Democrats in the mid-1800s to defend the Mexican war, and it was also applied to split the Oregon with Britain. However, the Manifest Destiny always crawled along due to its internal restrictions, as well as the issue of slavery. It never turned into a nationwide priority (Adams 35). By 1843, John Quincy Adams, formerly a key ally, had changed his view and rejected the Manifest Destiny since it meant the extension of slavery in Texas (Greenberg 97). From the onset of the Manifest Destiny—huge in the plan, in its sense of continentalism—is had a small number of supporters (Greenberg 98). It missed sectional, national or party following proportionate with its size. The basis was it did not echo the nationwide spirit (Greenberg 98). The idea that it reflected nationalism is supported by little evidence. The Manifest Destiny was, at all times, a very general idea instead of a precise policy (Adams 35). There was never any principle describing the manifest destiny. Nonspecific but intensely felt, the manifest destiny was a feeling of certainty in the decency and value of imperialism, which complemented other accepted thoughts of that period, including Romantic nationalism and American exceptionalism (Greenberg 98). Andrew Jackson, who talked of expanding the field of freedom, characterized the conflation of Americas likely greatness, the country’s

Hospital Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Hospital Management - Essay Example This hospital is isolated from the public during the rainy seasons since the roads are impassible. It receives funds for running its affairs from various organizations. The bed management system is a system that involves crucial issues that improve on the rate of efficiency at the hospitals projects. The problems within the hospital can be solved though implementing the bed management system. With the introduction of the bed management system, an auditor may be in a position to audit the transactions taking place in the right way in the institution. The value of this system is to provide the organization with proper management techniques through determining the hospitals capacity and having a current and forecasted program that indicates the number of beds that are demanded by the source and the status of the pending discharges. The incorporation of sophisticated workflow system and rules that are tailored towards improving the status of the organization should also be incorporated within the organization. It has been observed that the hospital looses their patients due to diversion, delay, cancellations and isolations during the rainy seasons but the problem can be solved through optimally utilizing the beds turns, eliminating the hidden costs and unnecessary holds as well as accelerating the rate of the discharges within the hospital. ... The implementation of the management or the patient in ternary module can be used to reduce the unnecessary delays through having a central expediting care process and also help in the discharge of the tasks of the hospital in the right way. The patient management system can be used to ensure that tasks are completed at the right time through making proper coordination programs, real-time communications, task queuing and the escalation of the notifications in the appropriate way (Wolper, 2004: 866). Electronic management system would ensure that the hospital is in a position to cut the cost of operations and ensure that the affairs of the organization are undertaken in the right manner. The operation would ensure that the response time required to process the patient's information is indeed the right one and therefore the process of collating, collecting and retrieving of information would be undertaken in the right way. The system helps in the provision of the process management tools such as the modeling, analysis and simulation of information within an organization. The usefulness of implementing the above systems is that it would provide proper delivery of services to the patients, improve the health status of the patients, increase the rate of productivity of the nurses and the doctors and it reduces the time spent when filling in the patients details in the forms. The patients may also be given proper care at the hospital and this would enable it to reduce its costs of operation. The auditor would be in a better position to understand the way the transactions take place to reduce time spent while tracking hospitals activities. The

Information Searches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Searches - Research Paper Example Some of the purchases that entail low involvement decisions are made without any previous though or planning and involve impulse buying. Medium involvement involves limited problem solving where the consumers already have some information about a good or a service and the continue searching for more information.Most of high involvementpurchases are not often purchased but are very vital to the consumer. Marketers should provide enough information concerning the attributes of the product. The marketers should also consider pricing their products in a manner that will entice the consumers into making a purchase decision. Medium involvement is the kind of involvement that falls between high involvement and low involvement purchasing decisions. This kind of medium involvement involves limited problem solving where the consumers already have some information about a good or a service and the continue searching for more information. High involvement purchases involve a lot of risks to the buyers if at all they fail and they are complex in nature and have high price tags. Some of the examples of high involvement purchases include a house, a car and insurance policy. Most of these purchases are not often purchased but are very vital to the consumer. While making a purchase decision, a buyer engages in an extended problem solving where they take a lot of time comparing different features, i.e. the feature of the prices, products and warranties. Every marketer has to analyze and consider the buying behavior of the customers therefore before making any decision; one has to consider the consumer’s level of involvement so as to come up with the sales strategy. As in the case of low involvement purchases, the marketers should use sales and promotion as a strategy since this will spur them into making purchase decisions. As discussed earlier, low involvement purchasers always make impulse buying therefore appealing sales promotions motivates them to buy more of the com pany’s products and services. Furthermore, the use of sales promotions like use of coupons can reach may customers at the same time therefore spurring into making a purchase decision. On the other hand, the marketers should also consider pricing their products in a manner that will entice the consumers into making a purchase decision. The company should also ensure that are low involving are available in most outlets as much as possible For, the case of medium involvement purchasers, most of them are considering the alternatives of the products. Understanding the choices made by this group assists the marketers in coming up with a sales strategy. Medium involvement consumers are in the third stage of evaluation of the alternatives before a purchase decision. The marketers should provide enough information about the product and its attributes. They should provide more of the advantages of the product or a service so as to entice the consumer into making a purchase decision. Th e customers who fall into the category of high involvement should be handled with a lot of care since they tend to make more and lengthy decisions before making a purchase. Since any purchase made by consumer requires extensive information, marketers should develop a strategy that is tailor made for this group. For example, when it comes into buying a car, the marketer must employ in broad problem solving techniques and also be willing to consider different types of brands. Since buying a car involve high involvement, brand name is very important for them. This is the reason as to why most of the manufacturers of those goods that require high involvement decisions cannot become satisfied about the value of their brands and

The Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

The Balanced Scorecard - Essay Example This direction is centrally provided in four dimensions which include financial, customer, internal process and learning and growth perspectives. SASA is an International Holdings Limited retailing group providing cosmetics. It is incorporated in Hong Kong, now enjoys the position of leading cosmetic provider from Asia. The success of SASA like any other business is the reflection of the effective strategic management. For continuing the practice of effective strategic management, the underlying report develops the Balance Score Card for the SASA Company for the further organized and effective strategic management. Hence, the accounting manager of SASA presents BSC plan to the strategic management of the company. COMPANY REVIEW Established in 1978 in Hong Kong, SASA now owns over 600 brands with 17,000 products to fulfill the customer’s cosmetics needs. SASA now successfully serves customers on more than 270 counters including stores and other options. In additional, service t o customers is also provided on online platform. Euromonitor 2013 rated SASA the largest cosmetic chain among the top 500 retailers of Asia and among the top ten Hong Kong’s retailer groups (SASA, 2013a). ... Under this domain, Sa Sa has around 260 multi brand store and seven specific specialty store in addition to the online service. The brand Management section encompasses nearly 100 brands exclusive and is only brand manager in Hong Kong (SASA, 2013a). EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Cosmetic industry in Hong Kong is dominated by the imports from foreign market including France (US $1.7 Bn 2012) and USA (US$ 425 Bn in 2012). Hence, market is dominated by the foreign market; therefore, offers attractive potential for growth for the brand management section of the Sa Sa. The forecasted growth for future of the mentioned import is 13 percent and 15 percent in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Nearly, 35 million tourists from China in 2012 landed and offered potential to the Hong Kong market of Cosmetics and offers wide expansion opportunity to the locals businesses and foreign brands. It is important to mention, that though the potential to growth is extensive as no import duties are charged; however, the market is very competitive and top ten cosmetic provided hold 70 percent of the market (Export. gov, 2013). MISSION The mission statement of SASA clearly identifies its way of doing business. Mission identifies clearly that business concerned to work in four dimensions that include customers, employees, suppliers and overall society (SASA, 2013b). Every strategy of SASA is directed by leveraging expertise and benefits to and from these four pillars of SASA. VISSION The vision of SASA is to develop expanded foot prints with retail value added cosmetics and professional beauty expert service provider in the global market with central focus in mainland in China (SASA, 2013b). INTERNAL STRENGTHS ASSESSMENT (SWOT) Sa Sa is well reputed brand of Hong Kong in cosmetics industry.

Gegheis Khan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gegheis Khan - Term Paper Example He was successful in uniting many of the dispersed tribal groups and made the Mongol empire the largest during his life period. Major portions of central Asia and China were under the control of Mongolia during his tenure as the greatest Mongolian leader of all time. No other king or emperor in the history was successful in conquering major portions of Asia as did by Gegheis Khan. In fact Mongol Empire was the second largest Empire in the history of the world. Even though his life and contributions are well known to the world at present, details about his death and his burial place are still unknown to the world. This paper analyses his life, conquest and the ways or strategies through which he expanded the Mongol empire. One of the major problems associated with getting more details about Genghis Khan and his war tactics and contributions, is the fact that his history was not written by anybody during his life period. In fact the only book wrote about him was published around hundre d years after his death. Thus, exact date of birth of Genghis Khan is still unknown even though different historians marked it in different years like 1155, 1162, and 1167. In Mongolia, his birth year is accepted as 1162 even though the controversies regarding his birth date still persists elsewhere. He was born in a noble clan and his father was the clan leader, respected by all the members of his clan. Shortly before he was born, his father, Yesugei, killed a man from an enemy tribe. Yesugei and his wife named their first son Temujin after that vanquished rival. At the time of Temujin's birth, most Mongols were nomadic hunter gatherers who herded sheep and horses. They travelled in clusters of tribal clans and subclans (Wilmore, p.18) Mongolians including the females were excellent horse riders and hunters. In majority of their wars, they used their horse riding expertise and hunting skills judiciously and earned many famous victories. Since ancient Mongolia was a place of differe nt clans and ethnic groups, bloody clashes between different ethnic groups were common in there. Genghis Khan’s clan was one of the most powerful clans in Mongolia and it succeeded in uniting other clans under their wings. The inborn or inherited talents for conducting wars helped them immensely in expanding their territories. When Temujin reached his 10 years of age, his father was killed in a fight by another enemy clan. As per the existing traditions in his clan, he should have become the leader of his clan after the death of clan leader; his father. However, the he was too young to assume the clan leadership and the members of his clan had chosen another person as their leader by expelling him and his family. It was difficult for a young person like Temujin to lead a peaceful life after the expulsion from his own clan. Threats from enemy clans were always in place and Temujin struggled to save his life. Temujin was a brave boy and he was not ready to give up. He fought ha rd for his own survival and his family’s survival. Each battle of survival made him tougher and tougher and educated him many survival principles. He was decided to regain his lost place as his clan leader and the first fight conducted by Temujin was for his clan leadership. Slowly Temujin’s bravery and leadership skills were accepted by his clan and they made him the unquestionable leader of their clan. Immediately after assuming the leadership